- What is a characteristic feature of a deadlock in an operating system?
A. High CPU utilization
B. Processes waiting indefinitely for resources
C. Efficient resource allocation
D. Simultaneous execution of multiple processes
Answer: B. Processes waiting indefinitely for resources
Explanation: A deadlock occurs when processes are stuck waiting for resources that are held by each other, leading to a cycle of waiting without progress. - What
is the primary goal of deadlock prevention in operating systems?
A. Identifying deadlocks and recovering from them
B. Minimizing the occurrence of deadlocks
C. Detecting deadlocks and avoiding them
D. Recovering resources from deadlocked processes
Answer: B. Minimizing the occurrence of deadlocks
Explanation: Deadlock prevention aims to minimize the likelihood of deadlocks occurring by restricting the conditions under which they can happen, such as limiting resource allocation patterns. - What
is the key idea behind deadlock avoidance in operating systems?
A. Identifying and recovering from deadlocks
B. Dynamically allocating resources to avoid potential deadlocks
C. Proactively preventing processes from entering a deadlock state
D. Detecting deadlocks and terminating the involved processes
Answer: B. Dynamically allocating resources to avoid potential deadlocks
Explanation: Deadlock avoidance uses dynamic resource allocation algorithms like the Banker's algorithm to ensure that processes are granted resources only if they do not lead to a deadlock. - In
the context of deadlock recovery, what is the role of process termination?
A. Identifying and preventing deadlocks
B. Dynamically allocating resources
C. Terminating processes to break the deadlock
D. Recovering resources from deadlocked processes
Answer: C. Terminating processes to break the deadlock
Explanation: Process termination is one method of recovering from deadlocks, where one or more processes involved in the deadlock are terminated to release their resources. - What
is the concept of starvation in the context of process scheduling and
resource allocation?
A. Processes waiting indefinitely for resources
B. Efficient resource allocation
C. Processes being terminated to break a deadlock
D. Unequal access to resources, leading to some processes being deprived
Answer: D. Unequal access to resources, leading to some processes being deprived
Explanation: Starvation occurs when a process is perpetually denied access to resources because other processes are given priority, resulting in the process being blocked indefinitely. - Why
is protection needed in an operating system environment?
A. To maximize CPU utilization
B. To minimize response time
C. To prevent unauthorized access and ensure data integrity
D. To manage input/output operations efficiently
Answer: C. To prevent unauthorized access and ensure data integrity
Explanation: Protection ensures that resources are used only by authorized processes and users, maintaining the security and integrity of the system. - What
is a security vulnerability known as "Buffer Overflow"?
A. Unauthorized access to system resources
B. A type of malware attack
C. Exploiting a program's input handling to exceed allocated memory space
D. Intercepting communication between two processes
Answer: C. Exploiting a program's input handling to exceed allocated memory space
Explanation: Buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer than it can hold, potentially allowing attackers to overwrite memory and execute malicious code. - What
is a trapdoor in the context of security vulnerabilities?
A. An unintentional flaw in a program's logic
B. A hidden entry point allowing unauthorized access
C. A type of computer virus
D. A technique to buffer overflow
Answer: B. A hidden entry point allowing unauthorized access
Explanation: A trapdoor (or backdoor) is a secret method of bypassing security controls, often left deliberately by the creator for unauthorized access. - What
is the primary goal of authentication in computer security?
A. Maximizing CPU utilization
B. Ensuring efficient resource allocation
C. Verifying the identity of users or entities
D. Detecting and recovering from deadlocks
Answer: C. Verifying the identity of users or entities
Explanation: Authentication is the process of verifying that users or entities are who they claim to be, ensuring that only authorized individuals can access certain resources. - In
password-based authentication, what is the purpose of password
maintenance?
A. Maximizing CPU utilization
B. Ensuring efficient resource allocation
C. Changing passwords regularly to enhance security
D. Identifying and preventing deadlocks
Answer: C. Changing passwords regularly to enhance security
Explanation: Regular password changes help protect against unauthorized access by minimizing the risks of password theft or compromise. - What
is an example of secure communication in computer networks?
A. Sending plaintext passwords over the network
B. Using encryption to protect data during transmission
C. Allowing unrestricted access to network resources
D. Sharing sensitive information on public forums
Answer: B. Using encryption to protect data during transmission
Explanation: Encryption ensures that data transmitted over a network is secure and cannot be easily intercepted or read by unauthorized parties. - What
is the primary goal of protection principles in computer security?
A. Maximizing CPU utilization
B. Ensuring efficient resource allocation
C. Safeguarding against unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
D. Detecting and recovering from deadlocks
Answer: C. Safeguarding against unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
Explanation: Protection principles focus on ensuring that sensitive data and resources are protected from unauthorized access and tampering. - What
is the access matrix in the context of protection in operating systems?
A. A visual representation of CPU scheduling
B. A high-level abstraction for synchronization
C. A matrix defining access rights for subjects and objects
D. A tool for debugging concurrent processes
Answer: C. A matrix defining access rights for subjects and objects
Explanation: The access matrix is a model used to define which subjects (e.g., users or processes) have access to which objects (e.g., files or devices), and what types of operations they are permitted to perform. - How
is the access matrix implemented in operating systems?
A. Using a linked list structure
B. As a two-dimensional array
C. Through a binary tree
D. With a hash table
Answer: B. As a two-dimensional array
Explanation: The access matrix is typically implemented as a two-dimensional array where rows represent subjects (users, processes) and columns represent objects (files, devices), with the entries specifying the allowed operations. - What
is the domain of protection in the context of computer security?
A. The range of access rights assigned to a user
B. A region of memory allocated to a process
C. The set of processes that share the same memory space
D. A user's identification information
Answer: A. The range of access rights assigned to a user
Explanation: The domain of protection refers to the set of access rights or privileges granted to a user, determining what resources they can access and what actions they can perform. - What
are examples of system and network threats in computer security?
A. Buffer overflow and trapdoors
B. Authentication and secure communication
C. Deadlocks and protection principles
D. Two-Phase Locking and Multithreading
Answer: A. Buffer overflow and trapdoors
Explanation: Buffer overflow and trapdoors are security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access or compromise system security. - What
is a common goal of protection in computer security?
A. Maximizing CPU utilization
B. Minimizing response time
C. Ensuring efficient resource allocation
D. Preventing unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
Answer: D. Preventing unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
Explanation: The primary goal of protection in computer security is to safeguard resources from unauthorized access while ensuring the integrity of data. - What
is an example of a program threat in computer security?
A. Password-based authentication
B. A virus infecting executable files
C. Changing passwords regularly
D. Deadlock prevention
Answer: B. A virus infecting executable files
Explanation: A virus is a type of malware that infects executable files, often causing harm to a system by corrupting or stealing data. - What
is the primary goal of protection principles in computer security?
A. Maximizing CPU utilization
B. Ensuring efficient resource allocation
C. Safeguarding against unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
D. Detecting and recovering from deadlocks
Answer: C. Safeguarding against unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity
Explanation: Protection principles ensure that only authorized entities can access and modify resources, thus maintaining the security and integrity of data. - What
is an example of a security vulnerability related to network
communication?
A. Starvation
B. Cache poisoning
C. Two-Phase Locking
D. Round Robin Scheduling
Answer: B. Cache poisoning
Explanation: Cache poisoning is a type of attack where malicious data is inserted into a cache, causing incorrect or compromised information to be retrieved from the cache.